Nyika yoonse - Propylene Glycol: Multifunctional Organic Compound
Zibeela Zyamubili aZyakupanga
Kuboneka akununka: Propylene glycol ilibonya mbuli maanzi aatakwe mubala, aasalala, alimwi aajisi busani. Chili abunono buniini mpawo tachikwe tununkilizyo pe, eecho chipa kuti chikonzye kubelesegwa aawo mpokuyandika kulimvwa kutali kabotu.
Kunywika: Itondezya kusanganya kubotu, nkaambo ilakonzya kusanganya amaanzi, ethanol, ether, acetone, chloroform, azimwi zintu zyiingi zipona. Eechi chintu chipa kuti chibeleke mbuli chintu chibotu chakusanzya akusanganya zintu munzila zisiyene-siyene.
Zintu zipati zitacinci: Aawo abulemu bwa 76.09 g/mol, propylene glycol ilaa bupati bwa 1.036 g/cm3 a 25°C, oobo buli bupati asyoonto kwiinda maanzi. Busena bwayo bwakunyenguluka mbu - 59°C, kupa kuti izumanane kuba mbuli maanzi muchiindi choonse chakupya. Busena bwakubila buli a 188.2°C aansi aamuwo uuzumizyidwe, kutondezya kukkalikana kwawo aawo mpokupya kabotu. Busena bwakupya buli atala, aafwaafwi a 99°C (kujalwa - nkomeki), kuchesya ntenda yakuyaka mulilo.
Kusanduka kwamakemikalu: Mbuli diol, propylene glycol ilakonzya kutola lubazu muzintu zyiingi zyamakemikalu zilimbuli nkamu zya bukoko. Ilakonzya kupanga ma ester aawo noiswaangene a carboxylic acids, eeyo iiyandikana loko mukupanga zintu zyiingi zyamakkampani azyakubelesya. Kuyungizya waawo, ilakonzya kwiinda mukumana maanzi mubukkale bumwi, ikusololela kukupanga intramolecular cyclic ethers naa intermolecular polymers.
Masena aakubelesya
Makwebo aazyakulya azyakunywa: Propylene glycol ichita milimu myiingi muchibaka eechi. Chibeleka mbuli chintu chitontola, chigwasya kubamba busi muzyakulya zilimbuli zyakulya zibikkidwe mumulilo, zintu zipangwa aamafuta, azintu zipangwa amalili, aboobo zilayungizya buumi bwazyo akubamba bubotu bwazyo. Mbuli chintu chikonzya kunyonyoona, chibelesyegwa kunyonyoona tununkilizyo, mibala, azintu zikwabilila, kupa kuti zyakulya azyakunywa kazimwaigwa munzila iikozyenye. Mbuli chitondeezyo, kanjikanji ilajanika mumaanzi aakununkilila azyakunwa zitontola alimwi mbuli chintu chakunyamuna mafuta aayandika kapati muzyakulya. Alimwi chazumizigwa mbuli chintu chakuyungizya chakulya (E1520) mu European Union, mpawo chakazyibwa kuti nchintu chili kabotu (GRAS) a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) kuti chibelesegwa mukati kazyeelelo zibikkidwe.
Makwebo aapanga misamu: Mumisamu, propylene glycol ilaa mulimo mupati. Chibelesegwa loko mbuli chintu chakusanzya misamu iitakonzyi kunywika mumaanzi, ikugwasya kuti ipangwe kuba misamu yakumulomo, yakubelesya mumubili, ayakubelesya kumubili. Mbuli chitondeezyo, mumisamu myiingi yamumulomo, propylene glycol ilagwasya kunyonyoona misamu iibeleka, ikusinizya kuti misamu ilapegwa kabotu. Muzintu zibelesyegwa kumubili zilimbuli makkilimu amafuta, zibeleka mbuli chintu chipa kuti chikumba chikonzye kunjila mukati, akugwasya chikumba kuti chikonzye kunywa misamu. Alimwi ilijisi zimwi zintu zikonzya kujaya tuzunda atuzunda, ikugwasya kuti misamu ikwabililwe.
Zibelesyo zyakulisakatizya akulibamba: Propylene glycol nchintu chipati chibelesyegwa muzintu zyiingi zyakulisamika azyakulibamba. Muzintu zyakulanganya chikumba zilimbuli zintu zitontola, ma serum, azintu zisalazya, zibeleka mbuli chintu chitontola, chikwela chikumba kuzwa mumuwo mpawo chijata achikumba, aboobo chikumba chibamba chikumba. Bube bwayo bwakunyonyoona bupa kuti ikonzye kunyonyoona zintu ziindene-indene zibeleka alimwi atununkilizyo, calo cipa kuti kazimwaika kabotu muzintu zipangwa. Alimwi chilabelesyegwa muzintu zyakulanganya masusu zilimbuli shampoo ama conditioner kuchitila kuti masusu abe kabotu akugwasya kutola zintu zigwasya kumasusu. Mukupenta nkumba, propylene glycol ibelekela mbuli chintu chipa kuti kube pulasitiki, kulesya penti kuti itanyonyooki akutyoka.
Kubelesyegwa mumakwebo: Propylene glycol nchintu chipati loko mukupanga zintu zyamakkampani. Nchintu chipati chibelesegwa mukupanga zintu zitakwe busani bwa polyester, eezyo zibelesyegwa kapati mukupanga mapulasitiki aajisi nsinga zyagilazi. Aaya mapulasitiki abelesegwa mumakkampani aali mbuli myootokala, kuyaka, amumaanzi, akaambo kakuyuma kwawo - abulemu bwawo alimwi akukazya kubola. Mumakwebo aakupanga myootokala, musamu uutegwa propylene glycol - uuzwa ku antifreeze a coolant ulabelesyegwa kweendelezya kupya kwa injini, ikukwabilila kupya akutontola. Alimwi chibeleka mbuli chintu chiyumu akunyamuna zintu zyakuvwumba, ingi, azintu zyakunamatika, ikusumpula kubeleka kwazyo akubelesya kwazyo.
Nzila zyakulibambila
Epoxy Propane Hydrolysis: Eeyi njenzila imwi iibelesyegwa kapati mumakkampani. Munzila eyi, epoxy propane (propylene oxide) ilasangana amaanzi kakuli chintu chipa kuti kube kuchincha. Kuchincha ooku kulakonzya kuchitika mubukkale bwiindene. Munzila yakubelesya maanzi, kupya kupati (aasika ku 150 - 200°C) akusinikizyigwa (0.98 - 2.94 MPa) zilabelesegwa, antoomwe amweelwe wamaanzi ku epoxy propane uuli afwaafwi kusika ku 20. Nikuba kuti mweelwe wakusanduka kwa epoxy propane kuya ku propylene glycol ulakonzya kusika ku 85%, zimwi zipangwa a pollyproly glycoly alimwi zyakabambwa. Imwi nzila njakubelesya asidi - kusungwaazya maanzi, ooko asidi nsyoonto (mbuli sulfuric acid) nkoibikkwa. Kuchincha ooku kuchitwa aawo mpokupya kapati (50 - 70°C), mpawo eecho chizwa muli ceeci chiyandika kugwisigwa akusalazyigwa kwiinda munzila zilimbuli vacuum distillation kuti kujane propylene glycol iisalala.
Glycerol Catalytic Hydrogenolysis: Glycerol ilakonzya kubelesegwa mbuli chintu chakupanga propylene glycol. Munzila eyi, glycerol isaanguna kwiinda mukusanduka kwama hydroxyl groups, mpawo kutobelwa akugwisigwa maanzi mukati ka molecule kuti ipange zintu zili akati-akati zilimbuli enols a keto - aldehyde tautomers. Eezyi zintu zili akati-akati mpawo zilanjila mu hydrogenation kakuli chintu chipa nguzu (mbuli chintu chipa kuti kube mukuba), kumamanino kupa kuti kube 1,2 - propylene glycol. Eeyi nzila ilijisi bubotu bwakubelesya zintu zikonzya kubelesegwa lubo (glycerol), zikonzya kujanwa kuzwa kuzintu zilimbuli kupanga biodiesel.
Nzila zya Biotechnology: Tumwi tuzunda tusyoonto, mbuli misyobo imwi yamabacteria alimwi a yeast, zilakonzya kupangwa kuti zipange propylene glycol kwiinda mukubelesya nzila zyakubila. Mbuli chitondeezyo, kwiinda mukucinca Escherichia coli naa Klebsiella pneumoniae, zilakonzya kuchitwa kuti zisandule nswiga (mbuli glucose) naa glycerol kuba propylene glycol. Eeyi nzila ya biotechnology tainyonganyi busena kweelanisigwa anzila zyakale zyamakemikalu, nkaambo ibelekela mubukkale buteteete alimwi ilakonzya kubelesya nzila zikonzya kubelesegwa lubo. Nokuba boobo, buvwubi akubelesya mali munzila eezi nchintu chichili kuchitwa buvwuntauzi akusumpulwa.
Kucenjela
Zyakuyeeya aatala abuumi: Nikuba kuti propylene glycol kanjikanji ilabonwa kuti ili kabotu kubelesegwa muzyakulya, mumisamu, amuzintu zyakulisakatizya mukati kazyeelelo zizumizyidwe, kubelesyegwa kapati naa kunywa kulakonzya kuleta ntenda kubuumi. Kulya zinji kulakonzya kuleta zitondeezyo zilimbuli kuzwa bulo, kufwusa, akuzwa bulo. Muzyiimo zipati, zilakonzya kuleta metabolic acidosis, bukkale oomo mubili mouyobolola asidi nyiingi. Kuguma chikumba a propylene glycol ilakonzya kuleta kuchisa kuli bamwi bantu, ikapati aabo bajisi chikumba chiyumu. Kuyuma chikumba kwachiindi chilamfu naa kwiinduluka kweelede kutantamukwa. Kuti yabelesyegwa mumasena aakupanga zintu, kuyoya kabotu kulayandika kutegwa kutabi kuyoya busi bwa propylene glycol, nkaambo kuyoya kapati kulakonzya kuleta kutyompwa kwakuyoya.
Ntenda zyamulilo akupwasuka: Propylene glycol ilakonzya kuyaka, nikuba kuti ilakonzya kupya loko. Busi bwayo bulakonzya kupanga misanganisyo iikonzya kupwasuka amuwo mubukkale bumwi. Busena bwakuyobweda akubamba bweelede kukwabililwa kule amulilo uuyaka, mulilo, azintu zimwi zipa kuti mulilo ube. Zibelesyo zyakuyobweda zintu zitakonzyi kupya mulilo alimwi azibelesyo zyeelede zyakuzimya mulilo zyeelede kujanika mumasena oomo propylene glycol moibambwa naa kubelesyegwa.
Kunyonganya Busena: Nikuba kuti propylene glycol ilakonzya kubola, kugwisigwa kupati mubusena, ikapati mumaanzi, kulakonzya kuba ampindu. Muzintu zyamumaanzi, ilakonzya kulya muya mubotu mbuli mboibola, mpawo eezi zilakonzya kuchisa buumi bwamumaanzi. Aboobo, nzila zyakweendelezya tombe zyeelede kuchitwa kutegwa kutabi kuzwa kwa propylene glycol mubusena.
Zitondezyo
| Zina lyachintu | Propylene Glycol USP grade | |||||||||
| Fomula yaKkemikalu | C3H8O2 | |||||||||
| Kulema kwamolekyula | 76.09 g/mol | |||||||||
| Mbuchiboneka | Maanzi aasalala aatakwe mubala | |||||||||
| Busena bwakunyenguluka | -59°C | |||||||||
| Busena Bwabilila | 187.3°C | |||||||||
| Bulemu | 1.036 g/cm3 | |||||||||
| CAS NO | 57-55-6 | |||||||||
| HS Code | 29053990 | |||||||||
| EINECS NO | 200-338-0 | |||||||||
| Kulembela | Zibelesyegwa mumisamu, zintu ziyungizyidwe muzyakulya, zintu zyakulisamika, zintu zikwabilila mulilo, azintu zipa kuti zintu zitabi | |||||||||
Pepa lyakweendelezya bubotu
| Zina lyachintu | Propylene Glycol USP grade | ||||||
| CHINTU | MULEMO UULYEELEDE (%) | BULEMU BWAKUSUNKA(%) | |||||
| Mbuchiboneka | Maanzi aasalala aatakwe mubala | Maanzi aasalala aatakwe mubala | |||||
| Kulingula | 99.80 min % | 99.89 | |||||
| EG | 50max ppm | 0 | |||||
| IWE | 50max ppm | 0 | |||||
| Zisyaala aamulilo | 2.5max mg | 0.6 | |||||
| Chloride | 0.007max Kulema% | ＜0.007 | |||||
| Sulfate | 0.006max Kulema% | ＜0.006 | |||||
| Insimbi zilemu | 5max ppm | ＜5 | |||||
| Bupati Bwakukwela | 1.035-1.037 25°C | 1.0355 | |||||
| Asidi (0.1N NaOH) | 0.05max ml | 0.02 | |||||
| Ibutete | 0.10max Kulema % | 0.057 | |||||
| Fe | 0.1max ppm | 0 | |||||
| Mubala | 10max Pt-Po | ＜10 | |||||
| IBP | 184°C | 184.5 | |||||
| DP | 189°C | 186 | |||||