Tetrahydrofuran (THF): Nchintu chikonzya kubelesegwa munzila zyiingi zyakubelesya misamu iikola
Kuvwuntauzya kwamukati-kati kwazintu zya Physicochemical
Bupange bwama molecule bulibedelede
Bupange bwa THF bulijisi ringi ya ether iizyunguluka aatomu ya oxygen, iipa kuti kube zintu zipati zitobela:
Kukonzya kugwisya zintu: Chiindi cha dipole cha 2.75 D chipa kuti haayidirojeni ijatane ama polar molecules mpawo kakuli kusofwaazya zintu zitali zya polar kwiinda mukuswaangana kwa dipole, kupa kuti kube kabotu kunzila zyaandeene zyakusanduka.
Kuchita kwa ringi: Iringi ya ether ilajalulwa aasidi, ikugwasya kuchita zintu mbuli alkylation antoomwe a polymerization. Ooku kuchita zintu nchintu chipati mukupanga ma polymer mbuli polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG).
Bube bwamubili
Kukkalilila kwakupya: Kubila a 66°C akutontola a -108.5°C, THF ilazumanana kuba maanzi muchiindi chilamfu chakupya, ilakonzya kubelesegwa muchiindi chakutontola chifwiifwi akufwambaana kupya.
Zibeela Zyakweendela: Kuyuma kusyoonto (0.55 mPa·s) akuyuma kupati (26.4 mN/m) zisumpula nguzu zyakwe zyakutontozya, nchintu chipati mukusalazya akuvwumba.
Chiyeekezyo chakukwabilila: Chilakonzya kupya loko (flash point -17.2°C) mpawo chipanga misanganisyo iikonzya kupwasuka amuwo (1.8–12.4% vol), ziyandika nzila zyakukwabilila mulilo.
Kubelesya Kupati Mumakwebo Aawo
Kupanga Polymer a Resin
Polyurethane (PU) Kupangwa:
Kupanga PTMEG: THF ninzila yakusaanguna yakupanga polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG), cibeela chiteteete chipati muma spandex fibers antoomwe a thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs). Chiinda ku 90% ya THF yanyika yoonse ilabelesyegwa muchibaka eechi, aawo toni lyomwe lyomwe lya spandex liyandika ~0.8 matani aa THF.
Zinamatika zya PU: Zisanganizidwe a DMF, THF ilapanga zintu zifwambaana kuyuma, ziyumu kapati zyakubelesya mumaulu amukati kamootokala, zipa 35% yazintu ziyumu alimwi a 40% zyakufwambaana kuyuma kwiinda nzila zya DMF zisalala.
Epoxy aZintu Zyakupanga:
Mbuli chintu chigwasya mukupanga zintu zya epoxy, THF ilasumpula kusanganya akucesya busi, kupa kuti kube kuvwumba kabotu muma electronics amu aerospace.
Chemistry yazyintu zipona ayaalubazu
Nzyaakachita Grignard:
THF ilayumya zintu zili akati-akati (nkokuti, RMgX) kwiinda mukubelekela antoomwe ama magnesium ions, ikuyungizya mpindu zyakusanduka a 15-20% kweelanisigwa a diethyl ether. Chikozyano: Mukupanga ibuprofen, ntaamu zya THF-based Grignard zilasika ≥99.5% kusalala antoomwe a ≤0.3% yazintu zizwa.
Lithium Battery Electrolytes:
THF ilasumpula kweenda kwa lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆)-based electrolytes (≥10 mS/cm), isumpula buumi bwakuzyunguluka kusika ziindi ziinda ku 1,000 (kubamba nguzu ≥85%) mumabbattery aa lithium metal.
Misyobo yabusongo bwaatala azyaalubazu
Kusalazya kwa Semiconductor: THF ilagwisya zintu zyakasyaala zyamumuni mukupanga zibelesyo zya microelectronics, akupa kuti kube kusofwaala kwa ion zyabutale ≤10 ppb mumilimo iitasiki ku 14 nm.
Kubamba misamu: Kubelesyegwa mukubamba misamu iijaya tuzunda alimwi ama steroid, nzila zya THF-maanzi zipa mabwe aakozyenye (50–200 μm) aasalala kwiinda ≥99.9%.
Kugwisya zintu zyacilengwaleza: Kusalazya kunyonyoona misamu iikola (nkokuti, CBD, paclitaxel) a 25% yabusalali kwiinda misamu iitakwe polar, kumwi kacicesya kunyonyooka akaambo kakupya kwiinda mukubelesya nzila zyakupya kapati.
Zitondezyo
| Zina lyachintu | Propionic Acid | |||||||||
| Fomula yaKkemikalu | C3H6O2 | |||||||||
| Kulema kwamolekyula | 74.08 g/mol | |||||||||
| Mbuchiboneka | Maanzi aasalala aatakwe mubala | |||||||||
| Busena bwakunyenguluka | -20.8°C | |||||||||
| Busena Bwabilila | 141.1°C | |||||||||
| Bulemu | 0.993 g/cm3 | |||||||||
| CAS NO | 79 - 09 - 4 | |||||||||
| HS Code | 29155000 | |||||||||
| EINECS NO | 201 - 176 - 3 | |||||||||
| Kulembela | Zibelesyegwa mumapulasitiki, misamu, chakulya, zintu zipa kuti zintu zibe kabotu alimwi amafuta aanunkilila | |||||||||
Pepa lyakweendelezya bubotu
| Zina lyachintu | Propionic Acid | ||||||
| CHINTU | MULEMO UULYEELEDE (%) | BULEMU BWAKUSUNKA(%) | |||||
| Propionic Acid Content, w/%≥ | 99.5 | 99.9 | |||||
| Bupati (20/20°C) | 0.993-0.997 | 0.996 | |||||
| Mweelwe wakubila/℃ | 138.5-142.5 | 139.4-141.1 | |||||
| Kuzwa kwamaanzi, w/%≤ | 0.01 | 0.006 | |||||
| maanzi,w/%≤ | 0.15 | 0.02 | |||||
| Aldehyde,w/%≤ | ≤0.05 | 0.04 | |||||
| kusanduka kuuba, w/%≤ | ≤0.05 | 0.01 | |||||
| Pb mg/kg≤ | 2.0 | ≤2.0 | |||||
| Mbuli mg/kg≤ | 3.0 | ≤3.0 | |||||
| Mamanino | Kotobelezya zyeelelo zya GB 1886.210-2016 | ||||||
Kulanga-langa Kukwabililwa Akucinca Kwamakwebo
Ngozi zyaBuumi aBusena
Bulowa: Kuyoya zintu zyiingi (>500 ppm) kulakonzya kwetelezya kutyompwa kwa CNS; kujanika kwachiindi chilamfu kulakonzya kuchisa kubeleka kwa chitaka/nswi. Kuyandika lukwabililo lwakuyoya (APF≥10) amagilovu aatakonzyi kunjililwa misamu.
Kunyonganya Busena: Zilakonzya kubola mubulongo (chiindi chilamfu ≤5 mazuba) pesi zilaa ntenda kuzilenge zyamumaanzi (LC50 fish=110 mg/L). Maanzi aasofweede ayelede kusalazyigwa loko (COD≤50 mg/L) katanagwisigwa.
Bwiinguzi bwamilawu abwabusongo
Zibeela zyakusalala:
Mumakwebo (≥99%): Mukupanga zintu zyoonse, kuzumizya ≤0.5% yamaanzi/aldehydes.
Zyamagesi (≥99.9%): Ma ions aabutale ≤1 ppb, SEMI C8-compliant for semiconductor use.
Misamu (≥99.5%): FDA-yakazumizyigwa, ma aldehydes ≤10 ppm mukupanga misamu.
Kutobelezya munyika yoonse:
EU REACH: Kulesyegwa muzintu zijatikizya chakulya (kulongela ≤0.05 mg/kg).
US OSHA: PEL-TWA 200 ppm (590 mg/m3), kuyandika kulanga-langa muya wakubusena bwakubelekela.
Nkaambo nzi Ncotweelede Kusala THF Yesu?
Busalali butazungaani: Nzila zyakusanzya ziindi zyotatwe zisumpukide zipa kuti kube THF iili 99.99% yabulondo, a ≤10 ppm ya busi antoomwe a ≤1 ppm yama aldehydes, ikusinizya kuti zyoonse zili kabotu (kucinca ≤±0.02%).
Nzila zyakumanizya mapenzi: Zibelesyo zyakabambilwa kweendelana amaanzi (50-1000 ppm), mweelwe wa peroxide (≤10 ppm), antoomwe a pH (5.0-7.0), mbuli THF iijisi peroxide nsyoonto yakubelesya misamu iikola.
Nzila Zyakubelesya Zyakukwabililwa: Nzila zyakuyobweda zijisi nitrojeni anzila zyakunyamuna zitanyonyooki zipa kuti kube kweendelezyegwa kabotu kuzwa kukupangwa kusikila kukutuminwa.
Kuchita zintu munzila iiluzi: Kutobela zyeelelo zya SEMI, ACS, antoomwe a FDA munyika yoonse, kugwasyilizyigwa a MSDS iikonzya kuchinchululwa kuti muntu akonzye kunjila mumusika kakunyina penzi.
Kubelekela antoomwe mukupanga misamu iikola
THF iilibedelede yakukonzya kumana, kuchita zintu, akukonzya kuchincha nzila zipa kuti ibe bbwe lyakukkona mu chemistry yamazubaano. Kulipeda kwesu kuzintu zisalala, busongo bwakupanga zintu, akutobela milawu kupa nguzu kuli basikuula mumapulasitiki, magesi, amisamu kuti bachite zintu zipya munzila iili kabotu. Sala THF yesu kuti ujalule kulondoka, kubeleka kabotu, akuzumanana mulizyoonse zibelesyegwa.